Table 2 LFC and AVR system modeling and parameter settings.
Model | Transfer function | Parameters | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Amplifier | \(\frac{KA}{ 1+\tau AS}\) | KA [10:400], \(\tau\) A [0.02:0.1s] | Gains and time constants of amplifier, exciter, generator, and sensor |
Exciter | \(\frac{KE}{ 1+\tau ES}\) | KE, \(\tau\) E (Very small) | |
Generator | \(\frac{KG}{ 1+\tau GS}\) | KG [0.7:1], \(\tau\) G [1.0:2.0s] | |
Sensor | \(\frac{KR}{ 1+\tau RS}\) | KR, \(\tau\) R [0.01:0.06s] | |
Governor | \(\frac{Kg}{ 1+\tau gS}\) | \(\tau g,\) Kg | Gains and time constants of governor, turbine, and generator/load |
Turbine | \(\frac{KT}{ 1+\tau TS}\) | KT, \(\tau\) T [0.2: 2.0s] | |
Inertia/Load | \(\frac{Kl}{ 1+\tau lS}\) | Kl,\(\tau l\) | |
– | – | B | Frequency bias coefficients |
– | – | R | Governor speed regulation |
