Table 6 The combined AVR and LFC system dynamic response with variation + 50% in system time constant parameters (\(\tau\) A, \(\tau\) E, \(\tau\) G, \(\tau\) s, \(\tau\) R, \(\tau\) g, \(\tau l\), \(\tau\) T).

From: Enhancement of PID controller performance for a combined LFC and AVR single- and two-area model using exponential distribution optimization technique

ITAE

Freq

Voltage

Md (p.u)

tp (sec.)

ts (sec.) ± 5%

Ess (p.u)

Mp (p.u)

tp (sec.)

ts (sec.) ± 2%

Ess (p.u)

EDO

− 8.309 × 10−3

1.073

7.65

− 2.74 × 10−4

1.2168

1.199

3.42

− 2.197 × 10−3

FA

− 9.579 × 10−3

1.053

7.79

− 2.84 × 10−4

1.2313

1.177

3.33

− 2.23 × 10−3

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