Table 9 Privacy preservation performance of BlockIntelChain, showing the effectiveness, efficiency, and trade-offs of different privacy techniques for securing threat intelligence while maintaining system usability.

From: BlockIntelChain: a blockchain-based cyber threat intelligence sharing architecture

Privacy technique

Privacy level

Utility score

Computation overhead (%)

Storage overhead (%)

Query latency (ms)

Differential privacy (\(\epsilon =0.1\))

High

0.92

15.3

8.7

234

Differential privacy (\(\epsilon =0.5\))

Medium

0.95

12.1

6.2

198

Differential privacy (\(\epsilon =1.0\))

Low

0.97

8.9

4.1

167

Homomorphic encryption

High

0.89

67.4

145.8

1876

Zero-knowledge proofs

High

0.94

34.2

23.6

567

Secure multi-party computation

High

0.91

89.3

67.2

2345

Hybrid approach (DP + ZKP)

High

0.93

28.7

18.9

423

No privacy protection

None

1.00

0.0

0.0

145