Fig. 5

Changes in VG values before and after ARE consumption are visualized using z-score–based colormaps across selected EEG frequency bands: All Spectrum (1–45 Hz), Delta (1–3 Hz), Theta (3–7 Hz), Alpha (7–12 Hz), and Gamma (30–45 Hz). The Beta band was excluded due to a limited number of statistically significant findings. Significant decreases in VG were primarily observed at central (C4), frontal (Fz), and parietal (T5) electrodes, particularly in the Delta band and the All Spectrum. In the Gamma band, a significant decrease was noted at Fz and O1. Electrodes with statistically significant changes (\(p < 0.05\), Wilcoxon signed-rank test) are highlighted in blue, while those surviving FDR correction at \(q < 0.10\) are highlighted in red.