Table 3 Schemes with message overhead in adaptive and dynamic scheduling.

CACS⁴⁴

Content-based scheduling to reduce idle listening and overhearing

Reduces BER by 22.23%, energy consumption by  20%, and minimizes congestion

Slight increase in delay (0.44s) due to content adaptation overhead

NPUS-CH⁴⁵

Hybrid approach for optimal scheduling, link adaptation, and resource allocation in NB-IoT

Better signal reception, improved energy efficiency and scheduling time

High computational complexity and NP-hard optimization

ICA-IoT⁴⁶

Uses battery level, FSL, hop count for optimized routing and energy savings

49% energy saving, 86% task time improvement, robust fault tolerance

Needs significant sensor info processing; complexity increases with network size

APS-IoT⁴⁷

Multilevel priority-based queuing with dynamic reordering and emergency handling

31% improvement in delay for emergency data, 99.9% delivery rate

May deprioritize non-critical data in heavily loaded systems

PCDE⁴⁹

Collision-free scheduling using differential evolution for TSCH networks

Low delay, high PDR, optimized throughput in heterogeneous environments

Complexity in building interference-free transmission graphs

ASUM⁵⁰

Adaptive scheduling technique with MQTT to optimize IoT communication

Memory management with optimized throughput

Slow communication with longer delay

DMRS⁴⁸

Multi-base station with heuristic and greedy strategies

Better Memory management

Energy starved with heavy processing