Fig. 1

Serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin in patients with and without obesity. Mean serum levels of leptin (ng/mL), adiponectin (mcg/mL), and ghrelin (pg/mL) are shown with 95% confidence intervals. Adiponectin was significantly higher in patients with obesity (p < 0.001), while no significant differences were observed for leptin or ghrelin. Hormone levels were measured using ELISA. Group comparisons were performed using weighted linear regression. Red and blue dots represent group means for patients with obesity and controls, respectively. Ns: not statistically significant.