Fig. 3

Residual analysis. Scatter plots of the residual, \(\epsilon = \frac{\ln {S_a(T)} - \ln {\hat{S}_a(T)}}{\text {std}\left( \ln {S_a(T)} - \ln {\hat{S}_a(T)}\right) }\), from each sample by magnitude M and rupture distance \(R_{\textrm{rup}}\) for periods \(T\in [0.5\text { s}, 1.0\text { s}, 2.0\text { s}]\).