Fig. 8

Partial Least Squares Confirmatory Factor Analysis (PLS-CFA) showing mutual relationships among groups of variables, including bacteriobiome, mycobiome, diversity indices, and trait categories. Bidirectional arrows indicate covariance or mutual association between latent constructs. Arrow thickness reflects the strength of the statistical association (p value): thick arrows indicate p < 0.05; mean, p = 0.1 (trend); thin, p < 0.1. Red arrows represent positive correlations; blue arrows negative ones.