Table 1 The clinical assessments at baseline and after follow-up.

Groups/Statistics Clinical variables	Control at baseline (n = 121)	PD at baseline (n = 121)	PD after Follow-up (n = 121)	P-value (Control vs. PD at baseline)	P-value (Baseline vs. Follow-up in PD)
Age, years	59.69 ± 10.76	60.46 ± 9.15	64.31 ± 9.25	P > 0.05	P < 0.0001
Sex (Male/Female)	78/43	79/42	79/42	P > 0.05	-
Education, years	16.07 ± 2.59	15.57 ± 2.77	15.57 ± 2.77	P > 0.05	-
Disease duration, years	-	1.42 ± 1.46	5.52 ± 1.72	-	P < 0.0001
UPDRS-III	0.97 ± 1.86	20.11 ± 9.89	21.87 ± 12.67	P < 0.0001	P > 0.05
Total UPDRS	1.88 ± 2.55	32.57 ± 14.65	40.15 ± 18.85	P < 0.0001	P < 0.0001
LNS	11.33 ± 2.32	10.80 ± 2.73	10.25 ± 2.99	P > 0.05	P < 0.01
SFT	47.00 ± 14.64	50.31 ± 11.46	51.10 ± 12.62	P > 0.05	P > 0.05
SDMT	48.94 ± 11.12	41.71 ± 10.78	40.48 ± 13.01	P < 0.0001	P > 0.05
MoCA	28.16 ± 1.33	27.13 ± 2.46	27.29 ± 2.88	P < 0.0001	P > 0.05

The data were shown as the mean ± SD. Unpaired Student’s t-test or χ² test (for categorical variable) was used to compare clinical variables between control and PD at baseline. Paired Student’s t-test was utilized to compare clinical variables at baseline and follow-up in PD patients. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Abbreviations: PD, Parkinson’s disease; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; LNS, Letter Number Sequencing Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; SFT, Semantic Fluency Test; UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.

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