Table 2 Checklist with SSbD guiding principles proposed for the battery machinery design stage.
Section 1 | Design stage-Materials efficiency—Ecodesign strategies (SSbD1; SSbD2; SSbD4, SSbD5) |
1.1 | Use of renewable/biobased materials in battery machinery |
1.2 | Use of recycled materials |
1.3 | Consideration of the future recyclability of materials during the selection |
1.4 | Use of low energy content materials |
1.5 | Consider environmental criteria when selecting suppliers |
1.6 | Prioritize the use of local raw materials |
1.7 | Reduce the number of different material types |
1.8 | Avoid overdimensioning by implementing mechanical analysis |
1.9 | Reduction of materials usage (Reduction in weight, volume) |
1.10 | Avoid the use of hazardous materials |
1.11 | Avoid the use of Critical Raw Materials (CRM); see Fifth list 2023 of CRM for the EU in Supplementary Table S2, and full report in46 |
Section 2 | Manufacturing stage—Design for energy efficiency (SSbD3), prevent and avoid hazardous emissions (SSbD5) and reduce exposure to hazardous substances (SSbD6) |
2.1 | Reduce the number of production processes |
2.2 | Use of renewable energy |
2.3 | Optimize the energy consumption |
2.4 | Consider easy assembly to automate assembly processes (and subsequent dis-assembly) |
2.5 | Analyse new fabrication processes, optimization the process |
2.6 | Inspect the acceptance of the finished product at the factory |
2.7 | Reduce the number of auxiliaries and operational materials (e.g., water, oil, solvents) |
2.8 | Minimize waste production in manufacturing |
2.9 | Implement proper waste management in manufacturing |
2.10 | Use sustainable packaging trying to minimize the quantity |
2.11 | Use renewable transportation alternatives and optimize the logistic |
Section 3 | Use stage—Design for energy efficiency (SSbD3) and durability, prevent and avoid hazardous emissions (SSbD5) and reduce exposure to hazardous substances (SSbD6) |
3.1 | Consider the safety of the technicians |
3.2 | Avoid the generation of hazardous emissions during use |
3.3 | Minimize the number of connections in the equipment |
3.4 | Reduce energy consumption in comparison to similar products |
3.5 | Use clean energy |
3.6 | Establish a modular and scalable design so that it can adapt to new user requirements (e.g., compatibility with diverse cell chemistries) |
3.7 | Use modular assemblies that allow for the replacement of critical components. Design considering easy access to parts likely to need maintenance |
3.8 | Sensorisation of the product to more effectively identify the source of faults |
3.9 | Use digital twins to predict and correct the proper functioning of the product |
3.10 | Reduce the number of consumables |
3.11 | Choose consumables with low environmental impact |
3.12 | Optimization of the reliability and durability of the product |
3.13 | Consider whether it is necessary to sell the product or charge for its use (servitisation of the product) |
Section 4 | End-of-life—Consider the whole life cycle including the EoL (SSbD7, SSbD8) |
4.1 | Build the equipment in a modular way to facilitate maintenance and recycling at the EoL |
4.2 | Design the system considering that the tools required for disassembly are available and simple |
4.3 | Reduce the number of tools required for disassembly |
4.4 | Avoid permanent joints in the design |
4.5 | Standardize the different machine components so they can be reusable |
4.6 | Use surface treatments that are easy to remove |
4.7 | Recovery of recyclable materials (see UNE-EN ISO 11469:2001) |
4.8 | Minimize the landfill and incineration waste generation |
