Table 1 Measurement items of the questionnaire.

1

Role participation

I can clearly perceive my role positioning and participation responsibilities within the event process.

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The theme of this event is highly consistent with my interests or life experiences.

I share a strong sense of value identification with other participants.

I perceive smooth collaboration among different participating actors (e.g., volunteers, security staff, medical teams).

2

Environmental perception

I consider the spatial layout and flow design of the city during the event to be reasonable.

⁴³

I perceive that the public supporting facilities during the event (e.g., guidance signs, temporary restrooms, auxiliary equipment) are well provided.

I believe that the city’s security measures, emergency response, and order management during the event are effective.

I perceive that the city demonstrated a high level of operational coordination (e.g., transportation, municipal services, universities) during the event, forming a supportive system.

3

Activity evaluation

I believe the arrangement of event activities is diverse and enriching.

⁴⁵

I perceive that the event process is compact and efficient, demonstrating the city’s organizational and coordination capacity in sports activities.

I believe that the interactive segments of the event (e.g., lottery participation, photography, social networking, awarding ceremonies) enhanced my identification with the city’s openness and inclusiveness.

I believe that the extended activities during the event (e.g., performances, exhibitions, and historical introductions) deepened my understanding of the city’s culture and development.

4

Cultural identification

I can perceive the symbols and styles of local culture from the promotional content of the event (e.g., trailers, slogans, on-site explanations).

⁴⁶

I believe the visual system design used in the event (e.g., mascots, main visual styles, colors, cultural and creative products) demonstrates a distinct recognition of regional culture.

I believe that the opening ceremony and cultural performances fully showcase the city’s ritual traditions.

I believe the event effectively integrates local cultural elements with modern forms of communication.

5

Emotional identification with the event

I feel emotional identification and respect for the spirit of collaboration demonstrated among different participant groups.

⁴⁷

The spatial atmosphere created at the event venue makes me feel safe and comfortable, enhancing my overall affection toward the event.

The process arrangements and atmosphere of the event elevated my emotions, making me feel excited and emotionally resonant with the event experience.

The cultural spirit and values embodied in the event (e.g., fairness, unity, perseverance) elicited strong emotional identification within me.

6

Emotional identification with the city

I feel emotional identification with the spirit and social atmosphere demonstrated by the city’s residents and participants.

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The environmental quality displayed by the city during the event (e.g., cleanliness, order, visual appearance) enhanced my affection for the city.

The organization and experiences of event-related activities made me feel the city’s enthusiasm and vitality, strengthening my sense of belonging.

The cultural character and spiritual connotations expressed by the city through the event evoked cultural resonance within me.

7

Conative tendency

I am willing to personally participate in or watch similar sports events on-site again.

⁵⁰

I intend to continuously follow the subsequent progress and updates of the event, including official accounts, media reports, or derivative content.

I am willing to actively share my experience of the event through social media or face-to-face communication.

After the event, I am interested in proactively searching for information about the host city and its cultural background related to the event.

8

Participation motivation

My participation in the event is primarily for gaining novel experiences and enjoyment.

⁵¹

I participate in the event to achieve competitive results.

I participate in the event because of my strong interest in the host city or as an opportunity to engage in tourism activities.

I participate in the event to spend time with friends or family, or to make new acquaintances.