Table 1 Simulation parameters.

Sensing Area

500 × 500 Sqm

Number of sensor nodes

20 to 1000

Transmission range

30 m to 80 m

Base station location

(0,0)

Data packet size

32 bytes

Message size

25 bytes

MAC model

IEEE 802.11

Initial energy of nodes

0.5 Joule

Energy rate in sleep state

0.33 mJ/s

Energy rate in the functioning state

9.6 mJ/s

Energy required for transmitting

5.23 × 10 − 3 mJ/byte

Energy required for receiving

0.99 × 10 − 3 mJ/byte

Simulation time

3200 s