Table 7 Control Overhead Comparison with Existing Protocols.

From: Sleep-wakeup based secure multipath routing in wsn using fennec fox optimized deep learning framework

Protocol/Method

Control Operations

Control Overhead (%)

Energy Consumption Reduction (%)

LEACH

Periodic CH election, cluster advertisement

12.8

10.5

EER-CGHHOA

Genetic-based CH selection, route updates

10.6

26.1

HBWCO

Hybrid whale–coati optimization for routing

9.4

29.2

Proposed SCS-EEF

Fuzzy-BIRCH clustering, FFO-CH selection, sleep–wakeup scheduling, TCN-BiGRU

6.5

39.3

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