Fig. 1
From: Fundamental insights into gallium leaching for sustainable electronic waste recovery
Comparison of gallium (Ga) extraction by various organic acids under two different pH conditions. The bar chart shows the Extracted Ga Concentration (mg/L) for each acid at its neutral pH and at a standardized pH of 1.2. All experiments were conducted under fixed conditions: an acid concentration of 10 mM, a solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio of 10 g/L, a temperature of \(90^\circ\)C, and a duration of 3 hours. The dashed line represents the baseline (control) leaching performance of hydrochloric acid (HCl) at pH 1.2, with the shaded grey area indicating ±1 standard deviation (SD).
