Table 2 Simulation hyperparameters.

From: A sparse wavelength aware learning framework for robust FSO channel estimation

S.No

Method/algorithm

Parameter

Value

1

Proposed SWALNet

Number of Hidden Units (h)

64

2

Batch Size

128

3

Learning Rate

0.001

4

Epochs

200

5

Sparsity Regularization Coeff

0.005

6

Activation Function

ReLU

7

Optimizer

Adam

8

Loss Function

MSE

9

Input Feature Dimension

8

10

LMS

Step Size (μ)

0.01

11

Initial Weight Vector

Zero

12

Update Rule

Gradient Descent

13

RLS

Forgetting Factor (λ)

0.99

14

Initial Covariance Matrix

Identity Matrix

15

Regularization Parameter (δ)

0.001

16

Kalman Filter

Process Noise Covariance (Q)

1e−4

17

Measurement Noise Covariance (R)

1e−2

18

Initial State Estimate

Zero

19

State Transition Matrix (A)

Identity Matrix

20

Fully Connected DNN

Number of Layers

3

21

Neurons per Layer

64

22

Activation Function

Tanh

23

Learning Rate

0.0005

24

Epochs

150

25

Optimizer

RMSprop