Table 4 Signaling Overhead Generated by Various AKA protocols, n is representing to the total IoVT devices and m is representing to the n number of groups.

From: A secure group-based authentication protocol for IoVT in 5G-enabled smart transportation and road safety systems

Protocols

Signaling overhead

Protocols

Signaling overhead

P1: Proposed Protocol

3n+8m

P10: MTC-AKA38

4n+2m

P2: EG-AKA39

5n+2m

P11: 5G-AKA33

6n

P3: Ouaissa’s AKA18

4n+6m

P12: NAPV10

4n+5m

P4: Braeken’s AKA35

6n

P13: SEGB-AKA40

6n+2m

P5: GBS-AKA41

6n+2m

P14: Li’s AKA42

6n+2m

P6: GLARM43

6n+2m

P15: LGTH44

4n+3m

P7: GBAAM45

7n

P16: Liu’s AKA34

5n

P8: Choi’s AKA46

6n+3m

P17: EMTC-AKA47

3n+6m

P9: Fu’s AKA48

5n+2m

P18: \(\hbox {E}^{2}\)SEC49

9n-2m+1