Table 5 The ratios of signaling overhead produced by different AKA protocols, in comparison to the proposed protocol, when the number of Internet of Vehicles (IoVT) devices is 10,000.

From: A secure group-based authentication protocol for IoVT in 5G-enabled smart transportation and road safety systems

Number of groups

\(\frac{Ouaissa's}{Proposed}\)

\(\frac{Braeken's}{Proposed}\)

\(\frac{NAPV}{Proposed}\)

\(\frac{Choi's}{Proposed}\)

\(\frac{Fu's}{Proposed}\)

\(\frac{SEGB-AKA}{Proposed}\)

\(\frac{LGTH}{Proposed}\)

\(\frac{MTC-AKA}{Proposed}\)

\(\frac{E^2SEC}{Proposed}\)

\(\frac{5G-AKA}{Proposed}\)

100

1.318

1.948

1.314

1.957

1.629

1.954

1.308

1.305

2.915

1.948

200

1.303

1.898

1.297

1.917

1.594

1.911

1.284

1.278

2.835

1.898

300

1.290

1.851

1.280

1.879

1.561

1.870

1.262

1.253

2.759

1.851

400

1.277

1.807

1.265

1.843

1.530

1.831

1.240

1.228

2.686

1.807

500

1.264

1.764

1.25

1.808

1.5

1.794

1.220

1.205

2.617

1.764

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