Table 1 General characteristics of the study groups*.

From: Physical activity attenuates PD-1/PD-L1 expression and enhances CD4⁺ T-cell function in COPD patients

 

Overall

(n = 91)

Moderately active patients

(n = 21)

Moderately sedentary patients

(n = 42)

Severe sedentary patients

(n = 28)

P-Value

Males, n (%)

61 (67)

12 (57)

28 (67)

21 (75)

0.420

Age, years

70 ± 8

68 ± 7

70 ± 8

72 ± 7

0.222

Body mass index, kg/m2

27.9 ± 4.4

28.8 ± 4.4

27.8 ± 4.3

27.4 ± 4.8

0.534

Fat-free mass index, kg/m2

15.8 ± 4.9

17.4 ± 4.7

15.3 ± 4.8

15.2 ± 5.1

0.241

Smoking status, n (%)

Current smoker

25 (28)

8 (38)

9 (12)

8 (30)

0.367

Former smoker

65 (72)

13 (62)

33 (79)

19 (70)

Tobacco use, pack-years

45 (30–60)

43 (32–55)

39 (23–50)

59 (46–70)

0.139

Charlson comorbidity index

4 (4–5)

4 (3–4)

4 (3–5)

4 (4–5.5.5)

0.786

Dyspnea, mMRC scale

1 (1–2)

1 (1–1.5.5)

1 (1–2)

1 (0–1)

0.705

Moderate-severe exacerbations last year

0 (0–0.5.5)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–0)

0.697

Lung function tests

FEV1, % pred.

60 ± 12

62 ± 14

59 ± 12

61 ± 10

0.716

FEV1/FVC

0.52 ± 0.10

0.57 ± 0.12

0.51 ± 0.09

0.49 ± 0.09

0.014

FRC, % pred.

139 ± 30

128 ± 26

137 ± 28

151 ± 34

0.039

RV, % pred.

137 ± 37

131 ± 41

133 ± 35

151 ± 33

0.162

DLCO, % pred.

85 ± 24

85 ± 24

84 ± 24

87 ± 24

0.911

PImax, % pred.

99 ± 31

107 ± 28

103 ± 32

87 ± 28

0.100

Hand strength, kg

34 ± 9

33 ± 9

34 ± 9

34 ± 9

0.994

6-minute walked distance, m

463 ± 93

491 ± 94

472 ± 82

426 ± 100

0.042

Current treatment

LABA, n (%)

6 (7)

0 (0)

3 (7)

3 (11)

0.322

LAMA, n (%)

15 (17)

3 (14)

5 (12)

7 (25)

0.354

LABA + LAMA, n (%)

69 (78)

18 (86)

33 (81)

18 (64)

0.158

SABA, n (%)

23 (26)

8 (38)

12 (29)

3 (11)

0.072

SAMA, n (%)

7 (8)

1 (5)

2 (5)

4 (15)

0.301

Daily physical activity

Physical activity level

1.50 (1.30–1.60)

1.90 (1.80–2.10)

1.50 (1.40–1.60)

1.30 (1.20–1.30)

< 0.0001

Active energy expenditure, kJ

2581 ± 2514

5918 ± 2955

2199 ± 936

638 ± 512

< 0.0001

Metabolic activity, METs

1.2 (1.1–1.4)

1.7 (1.5–1.8)

1.2 (1.1–1.4)

1.1 (1.0–1.1.0.1)

< 0.0001

Daily steps, x103

6608 ± 4533

10297 ± 5650

7468 ± 3071

2550 ± 1308

< 0.0001

Physical activity time, min

113 (45–230)

314 (223–590)

118 (78–230)

29 (13–42)

< 0.0001

  1. *Data are represented as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or number (percentage). Comparisons between groups were performed using the chi-square test for categorical variables, ANOVA for normally distributed continuous variables, and the Kruskal–Wallis test for non-normally distributed continuous variables. Abbreviations: mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; FRC, functional residual capacity; RV, residual volume; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide; PImax, maximal inspiratory pressure; LABA, long-acting beta-2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; SABA, short-acting beta-2-agonist; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonists.
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