Fig. 11

Final deformation patterns, stress distribution, and failure modes of UHPC column specimens under cyclic lateral loading: Specimen C1-A (10 mm steel bars) (a) Concrete stress pattern during cyclic loading; (b) FE-predicted DAMAGET contour; (c) Experimental crack pattern; (d) Experimental failure mode. The close similarity between the experimental and numerical damage propagation confirms the validity of the FE model in replicating real structural behavior⁵⁷. Specimen C2-A (12 mm steel bars) (e) Concrete stress distribution during cyclic loading; (f) FE-predicted DAMAGET contour; (g) Experimentally observed crack pattern; (h) Experimental failure mode. Specimen C3-B (10 mm basalt bars) (i) Concrete stress distribution during cyclic loading; (j) FE-predicted DAMAGET contour; (k) Experimentally observed crack pattern; (l) Experimental failure mode. Specimen C4-B (12 mm basalt bars) (m) Concrete stress distribution during cyclic loading; (n) FE-predicted DAMAGET contour; (o) Experimental crack pattern; (p) Experimental failure mode.