Fig. 5

Effects of Sigma1R and IRE1α on mitochondrial integrity and protein expression in atrial fibrillation. (A) Representative Mitochondrial membrane potential assessed using fluorescence microscopy (Bar = 100 μm). (B) Quantification of mitochondrial membrane potential across the groups (n = 3). (C) Representative fluorescence microscopy images depicting mitochondrial superoxide production using MitoSOX Red staining (Bar = 100 μm). (D) Quantification of MitoSOX Red fluorescence intensity (n = 3). (E) Representative transmission electron microscopy images of mitochondrial ultrastructure in each group (Bar = 500 nm), the red arrow indicates the mitochondria. (F) Quantification of mitochondrial number. (G) Analysis of mitochondrial density. (H) Measurement of ER-mitochondrial contact site length. (I and J) Western blot analysis of Grp75, IP3R, and VDAC1 in each group (n = 3). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. P^* < 0.05, P^** < 0.01, P^*** < 0.001.