Table 15 Temporal drift validation results on the AndroZoo dataset.

From: FL-MalDrift: a federated learning framework for malware detection under local concept drift

Method

Training (2013–2017)

Testing (2019–2023)

F1 score

FedAvg

84.1%

79.5%

0.845

FedSGD

87.3%

82.9%

0.872

FL-MalDrift (HDDM)

92.4%

88.6%

0.917

  1. Bold values indicate the best performance scores among the compared methods.
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