Table 1 Descriptive cohort characteristics for two POD endpoints. Descriptive statistics are displayed as mean ± sd for numerical variables. For binary variables, the fraction of positive samples from all (n) are cited followed by the odds as (pos/neg samples). Adjusted p-values are derived from linear mixed-effect models (MEMs) incorporating age and the variable of interest as fixed effects, patient groups as random effects and POD as the independent variable. We highlight significant results with asterisks according to a FDR corrected alpha level. RASS: Richmond agitation sedation Scale, SOFA: sequential organ failure Assessment, SIRS: systemic inflammatory response Syndrome, urgency class N: ranges from N = 1 (immediate surgery required) to N = 5 (elective, planned procedure), anesthesia type of surgery: minor surgical procedures requiring sedation or anesthesia stand by.
Endpoint 1: scoPOD | Endpoint 2: medPOD | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 645) | POD Positive (n = 119) | POD Negative (n = 526) | P-Value | All (n = 224) | POD Positive (n = 48) | POD Negative (n = 176) | P-Value | |
General Information | ||||||||
Age (years) | 59.32 ± 16.23 | 65.01 ± 14.04 | 58.02 ± 16.43 | < 0.05* | 58.03 ± 15.61 | 62.08 ± 13.49 | 56.85 ± 16.02 | < 0.05* |
Sex (male/female) | 0.78 (510/135) | 0.71 (84/35) | 0.81 (426/100) | 0.69 (155/69) | 0.59 (28/20) | 0.72 (127/49) | ||
Number of Surgeries | 2.27 ± 3.32 | 3.17 ± 4.04 | 2.06 ± 3.10 | 1.94 ± 2.23 | 3.19 ± 3.94 | 1.58 ± 1.18 | ||
Length of Hospital Stay (days) | 31.45 ± 3.10 | 44.7 ± 4.57 | 28.43 ± 2.22 | 34.25 ± 4.80 | 64.65 ± 6.90 | 25.4 ± 3.51 | ||
Length of Anesthesia (hours) | 3.10 ± 3.07 | 3.18 ± 3.79 | 2.77 ± 4.67 | 5.14 ± 2.97 | 5.72 ± 3.82 | 4.98 ± 2.29 | ||
Length of Surgery (hours) | 1.52 ± 1.16 | 1.52 ± 1.16 | 1.48 ± 1.19 | 1.98 ± 1.34 | 2.05 ± 1.32 | 1.7 ± 1.38 | ||
Length of Recovery Room Stay (hours) | 4.82 ± 2.66 | 5.18 ± 2.42 | 2.81 ± 3.28 | < 0.001*** | 5.14 ± 2.78 | 5.28 ± 2.71 | 4.58 ± 3.03 | |
Clinical Assessment | ||||||||
Urgency Class N | 4.24 ± 1.79 | 4.12 ± 1.50 | 4.15 ± 1.47 | 4.12 ± 1.44 | 3.41 ± 1.81 | 4.32 ± 1.24 | ||
ASA Status | 1.93 ± 1.22 | 1.97 ± 1.40 | 1.92 ± 1.40 | < 0.001*** | 2.06 ± 1.34 | 2.12 ± 1.21 | 1.82 ± 1.69 | < 0.001*** |
SOFA | 4.25 ± 3.18 | 5.48 ± 3.24 | 3.34 ± 2.83 | < 0.05* | 4.95 ± 3.22 | 6.25 ± 3.05 | 3.87 ± 2.98 | < 0.05* |
RASS | −0.66 ± 1.00 | −1.03 ± 1.19 | −0.47 ± 0.83 | −0.90 ± 1.14 | 1.08 ± 1.16 | 0.81 ± 1.12 | < 0.001*** | |
Minutes to 1 st POD assessment | 25.53 ± 27.15 | 26.83 ± 26.49 | 25.47 ± 26.95 | 55.37 ± 63.15 | 54.21 ± 68.04 | 55.74 ± 67.44 | ||
Type of Surgery | ||||||||
Neurosurgical | 0.56 (363/282) | 0.49 (58/61) | 0.58 (305/221) | 0.60 (134/90) | 0.27 (13/35) | 0.69 (121/55) | < 0.001*** | |
Visceral | 0.06 (40/605) | 0.07 (8/111) | 0.06 (32/494) | 0.05 (11/213) | 0.08 (4/44) | 0.04 (7/169) | ||
Anesthesia | 0.07 (46/599) | 0.12 (14/105) | 0.06 (32/494) | 0.06 (13/211) | 0.08 (4/44) | 0.05 (9/167) | ||
Cardiac | 0.01 (9/636) | 0.05 (7/113) | 0.01 (3/523) | 0.04 (8/216) | 0.04 (6/42) | 0.01 (2/175) | ||
Predisposing Risk | ||||||||
Cardiovascular | 0.24 (158/487) | 0.31 (37/82) | 0.23 (121/405) | 0.57 (128/96) | 0.30 (65/159) | 0.28 (49/127) | ||
Non-Smoking | 0.29 (193/452) | 0.29 (35/84) | 0.30 (158/368) | 0.40 (89/135) | 0.27 (13/35) | 0.42 (74/102) | ||
Other Comorbidities | 0.02 (10/635) | 0.02 (4/117) | 0.01 (6/520) | 0.02 (4/220) | 0.02 (1/47) | 0.02 (3/173) | ||
Drinking | 0.01 (5/640) | 0.02 (3/116) | 0.01 (2/521) | 0.01 (2/222) | 0.04 (2/46) | 0.00 (0/176) | ||
MRI Screening | ||||||||
Tumor | 0.18 (114/531) | 0.17 (20/99) | 0.18 (94/432) | 0.20 (45/179) | 0.14 (6/42) | 0.22 (39/137) | ||
Atrophy | 0.07 (42/603) | 0.09 (10/109) | 0.06 (32/494) | 0.08 (18/206) | 0.08 (3/45) | 0.08 (14/162) | ||
Lesion | 0.43 (279/366) | 0.34 (40/79) | 0.45 (239/287) | 0.53 (119/105) | 0.52 (24/24) | 0.54 (95/81) | ||
Contrast Agent | 0.79 (512/133) | 0.60 (70/49) | 0.84 (442/84) | 0.82 (184/40) | 0.8 (38/10) | 0.83 (146/30) | ||
ICD Diagnose | ||||||||
Any Malignancy | 0.50 (321/324) | 0.49 (58/61) | 0.50 (263/263) | 0.51 (105/109) | 0.45 (22/26) | 0.53 (93/83) | ||
Renal Disease | 0.37 (241/524) | 0.61 (73/46) | 0.32 (168/358) | < 0.001*** | 0.43 (97/127) | 0.71 (34/14) | 0.36 (63/113) | < 0.001*** |
Metazoic Tumor | 0.28 (179/466) | 0.31 (37/82) | 0.27 (142/384) | 0.29 (66/158) | 0.22 (11/37) | 0.31 (55/121) | ||
Delirium | 0.19 (118/517) | 0.85 (101/18) | 0.03 (17/509) | < 0.001*** | 0.30 (68/156) | 0.88 (42/48) | 0.15 (26/150) | < 0.001*** |
Hemiplegia Paraplegia | 0.20 (129/516) | 0.23 (27/92) | 0.20 (105/421) | 0.28 (62/162) | 0.29 (14/34) | 0.27 (48/128) | ||
SIRS | 0.14 (92/543) | 0.52 (62/57) | 0.06 (30/494) | < 0.001*** | 0.21 (46/178) | 0.67 (32/16) | 0.08 (14/162) | < 0.001*** |
Sepsis | 0.12 (79/556) | 0.16 (19/100) | 0.11 (60/466) | < 0.05* | 0.17 (38/186) | 0.58 (28/20) | 0.06 (10/166) | < 0.001*** |
Dementia | 0.02 (13/632) | 0.08 (9/110) | 0.01 (4/517) | < 0.05* | 0.04 (8/216) | 0.04 (2/46) | 0.03 (6/170) | |
