Fig. 1
From: Deformed wing virus affects foraging success and foraging specialization of honeybee workers
Effect of deformed wing virus (DWV) on the overall foraging activity. Mean number of observed foragers (per 10-minute interval) from control and DWV-infected colonies over a 19-day observation period. DWV-infected bees exhibited significantly lower foraging activity compared to controls (total of 2140 observed foragers from 134 daily 10-minute observation intervals across 4 colonies; Poisson GLM, χ2 = 199.76, p = 2E-45. The model included ‘colony’, ‘time of day’, ‘weather’ and interaction between ‘treatment’ and quadratic ‘time since treatment’ as fixed factors. For statistical detailed output, see Supplementary Table S1. This result indicates that DWV infection in adult workers negatively affected foraging, either through reduced foraging rates, increased mortality or both. Thick lines represent mean model predictions, with blue for control and red for DWV-infected bees, with matching shaded areas indicating their respective 95% confidence intervals. Individual coloured dots are the raw observed data points.
