Table 11 Feature selection comparison.

Method	Algorithm	Feature selection technique	No. selected features	Overfitting prevention	Interpretability	Features stability index*
BiGRU/PSO	PSO	RFE with SVM	43	Moderate	High	0.82
BiGRU/GA	GA	RFE with SVM	45	Moderate	High	0.80
BiGRU/GWO	GWO	RFE with SVM	42	Strong	High	0.85
BiGRU/WOA	WOA	RFE with SVM	44	Moderate	High	0.81
BiGRU/HHO	HHO	RFE with SVM	41	Strong	High	0.86
BiGRU/MPA	MPA	RFE with SVM	43	Moderate	High	0.83
BiGRU/RBWK (Proposed)	RBWK	RFE with SVM	40	Strong	High	0.91
Random Forest	N/A	Gini Importance	50	Moderate	Moderate	0.75
LSTM	Adam	Manual Thresholding	60	Weak	Low	0.62
CNN	Adam	Filter-Based	70	Weak	Low	0.58
Autoencoder	Adam	Reconstruction Error	30	Moderate	Low	0.68
CNN-LSTM Hybrid	Adam	Wrapper-Based Search	45	Moderate	Low	0.70

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