Fig. 4

(a–d) Composite maps of monthly detrended anomalies of: SLA (shading with contours indicate areas statistically significant at 95% confidence level), negative wind stress curl (cyan contours and dots indicate areas statistically significant at 95% confidence level, see Fig. S1) and surface wind stress (arrows, with black arrows representing wind stress statistically significant at 95% confidence level). The composite anomalies are relative to the peaks of the extreme low NPP events (2005; 2008; 2010; 2020; 2021 and 2023) with in (a) Peak (− 1), (b) Peak, (c) Peak (+ 1) and (d) Peak (+ 3) representing one month before, peak, one month and 3 months after the peak months of extreme low NPP events, respectively.