Table 6 Relation between attacks and network metrics.

From: Bayesian-driven autonomous defense adaptive consensus optimisation for blockchain networks

Attack type

Key indicators

Sybil attack

High error rate (≥ 0.7 weight)

Low CPU usage (≤ 30%)

Denial of service (DoS)

High latency (≥ 40%)

High bandwidth usage (≥ 40%)

Increased error rate (≥ 20%)

Byzantine attack

High error rate (≥ 80%)

Increased latency (≥ 20%)

Eclipse attack

High latency (≥ 40%)

High error rate (≥ 30%)

Low throughput (≤ 30%)

Majority (51%) attack

High CPU usage (≥ 60%)

High throughput (≥ 20%)

High error rate (≥ 20%)

Routing attack

High latency (≥ 50%)

Low throughput (≤ 30%)

Increased error rate (≥ 20%)