Table 7 Quantitative comparison of multimodal (Image + IoT) baseline models with AgroVisionNet.

From: AI-driven drone technology and computer vision for early detection of crop disease in large agricultural areas

Model/Configuration

Accuracy (%)

Precision (%)

Recall (%)

F1-Score (%)

Throughput (images/s)

VGG16 + IoT Fusion (early concat.)

91.4

90.7

89.9

90.2

39

ResNet50 + IoT Fusion (early concat.)

92.2

91.8

91.1

91.3

38

DenseNet121 + IoT Fusion (early concat.)

92.6

92.1

91.7

91.8

37

AgroVisionNet (Proposed)

94.2

93.5

92.8

93.1

45

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