Fig. 12

Pareto frontiers obtained by AUGMECON, NSGA-II, and NSGA for test problem PN1. The figure compares the nondominated solutions in terms of makespan and total energy consumption, illustrating how each algorithm explores the trade-off between the two objectives. AUGMECON provides a limited but accurate set of points, whereas NSGA-II shows better diversity and coverage of the search space compared to NSGA.