Table 8 Effects of different treatments on ear height (EH, cm), ear height coefficient (EHC, %), centre of gravity (CG, cm), stem lodging rate (SLR, %), root lodging rate (RLR, %), total lodging rate (TLR, %), root Lodging/total lodging (RL/TL, %) and grain yield (GY, t ha⁻¹) of maize during 2021–2022.

Treatments	EH (cm)	EHC (%)	CG (cm)	SLR (%)	RLR (%)	TLR (%)	RL/TL (%)	GY (t ha⁻¹)
2021
ED	119.5b	34.7b	120.5a	9.6a	16.7c	26.3c	63.5d	7.7d
ER	116.8b	34.7b	119.0a	9.3a	23.0b	32.3a	71.2c	7.5d
EB	114.7b	34.6b	117.9a	6.3b	28.0a	34.3a	81.6b	6.2e
YD	126.2a	37.5a	119.3a	2.5c	16.8c	19.3d	87.0b	9.5b
YR	123.9a	37.3a	119.4a	2.1c	28.2a	30.3b	93.1a	9.4b
YB	103.5c	34.5b	104.6c	1.8c	30.5a	32.3a	94.4a	8.7c
EYD	133.5a	39.8a	120.5a	0.3d	10.0d	10.3e	97.1a	10.5a
EYR	129.7a	39.4a	117.8a	0.3d	20.0c	20.3c	98.5a	9.7b
EYB	116.9b	36.5b	112.8b	0.2d	24.1b	24.3c	99.2a	9.1b
CK	103.4c	32.8c	105.6c	5.8b	31.5a	37.3a	84.5b	4.9f.
Analysis of variance
GR	*	**	*	*	**	*	*	**
IM	ns	*	*	ns	ns	**	**	*
GR x IM	*	*	ns	*	ns	ns	ns	ns
2022
ED	127.4b	36.6b	126.6a	15.5a	13.1d	28.6c	45.8c	7.8c
ER	123.7b	36.0b	125.3a	15.7a	14.9d	30.6c	48.7c	7.1c
EB	120.4c	35.7b	122.4b	13.8b	21.8c	35.6b	61.2b	6.7d
YD	130.9b	38.1a	125.0a	2.1c	22.5b	24.6c	91.5a	9.8b
YR	128.5b	38.2a	123.6b	2.0c	24.6b	26.6c	92.5a	9.2b
YB	121.5c	37.2v	121.2b	2.3c	35.3a	37.6b	93.9a	7.9c
EYD	137.8a	40.7a	124.3a	0.3d	10.3e	10.6d	97.2a	10.9a
EYR	134.7a	40.5a	122.5b	0.4d	16.2d	16.6d	97.6a	9.9b
EYB	126.6b	39.3a	117.1c	0.3d	24.3b	24.6c	98.8a	9.7b
CK	112.2d	34.7c	113.9d	14.8a	26.8b	41.6a	64.4b	5.2e
Analysis of variance
GR	*	*	*	**	*	*	*	**
IM	ns	**	*	ns	*	*	*	**
GR x IM	ns	ns	*	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

Followed by different small letters within a column indicate significantly different at the 5% probability level (LSD; n = 3). ** Significant differences at p < 0.01; * significant differences at p < 0.05; ns indicates non- significant difference.

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