Table 5 Cross-regional model transfer performance.

From: Air quality prediction using multi-source remote sensing data integration with hybrid deep learning framework

Training region

Test region

Direct transfer R²

Fine-tuned R²

Improvement

Delhi

Beijing

0.82

0.89

+ 8.5%

Delhi

Los Angeles

0.79

0.87

+ 10.1%

Beijing

Delhi

0.84

0.90

+ 7.1%

Beijing

Los Angeles

0.81

0.88

+ 8.6%

Los Angeles

Delhi

0.78

0.86

+ 10.3%

Los Angeles

Beijing

0.83

0.89

+ 7.2%

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