Table 2 Comparison of chlorine detection performance (LOD/LOQ) between the ultra-low energy MWE-LIBS system developed in this work and previously reported LIBS and MWE-LIBS methods.

From: Ultra-low energy LIBS for chlorine detection in cement pastes via microwave enhancement using 0.05 mJ laser energy

 

Condition

LOD/LOQ, wt %

This Manuscript

Ultra-Low Energy MWE-LIBS, 0.05 mJ

0.204 ± 0.068 / 0.679 ± 0.204

From References

LIBS, 3 mJ14

0.87 ± 0.07 / **

Standard Method (MWE-LIBS), 3 mJ16

0.17 ± 0.02 / **

German standard DIN 32645*, 3 mJ (MWE-LIBS)14

0.03/0.11

Global Interlaboratory Experiments (LIBS), 3.8–25.5 GW/cm213

0.01–0.10/0.03–0.33

Jiaotong University, China (DP- LIBS) 15 mJ + 30 mJ41

0.19–0.26/ **

  1. *Similar method with DIN 32645.
  2. **LOQ was not measured.
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