Table 5 Model performance by each dataset and architecture.

Architecture	Source data		Target data		Class
Architecture	Raw	Aug	Raw	Aug	Brick	Concrete	Glass	Stone	Mixed	Others	Average
ViT	608	–	928	–	79.34	71.52	58.23	57.34	91.89	86.77	74.18
	608	3648	928	–	83.59	78.45	63.51	67.65	96.95	86.80	79.49
	928	–	928	5568	82.85	77.02	65.23	65.34	95.89	81.77	78.02
	928	3648	928	5568	87.73	73.29	73.75	77.91	91.89	86.77	81.89
	Average				83.38	75.07	65.18	67.06	94.16	85.53	78.40
Swin transformer	608	–	928	–	80.53	75.05	59.78	59.42	92.83	87.35	75.83
	608	3648	928	–	85.87	72.37	65.32	64.55	98.93	79.41	77.74
	928	–	928	5568	83.83	78.81	66.54	62.14	96.62	85.29	78.87
	928	3648	928	5568	88.21	83.58	69.31	70.24	92.03	85.71	81.51
	Average				84.61	77.45	65.24	64.09	95.10	84.44	78.49
PVT	608	–	928	–	79.48	74.45	58.48	58.31	91.66	76.71	73.18
	608	3648	928	–	83.22	78.53	63.76	62.20	95.53	77.67	76.82
	928	–	928	5568	82.59	77.56	65.85	61.53	94.42	73.92	75.98
	928	3648	928	5568	88.31	83.72	69.42	68.51	91.57	85.22	81.13
	Average				83.40	78.57	64.38	62.64	93.30	78.38	76.78
MobileViT	608	–	928	–	80.53	74.33	58.77	58.42	92.22	77.15	73.57
	608	3648	928	–	84.27	79.45	64.16	63.31	96.93	78.18	77.72
	928	–	928	5568	83.33	78.12	65.53	62.15	95.76	74.83	76.62
	928	3648	928	5568	88.15	83.98	73.15	69.43	91.33	85.52	81.93
	Average				84.07	78.97	65.40	63.33	94.06	78.92	77.46
Axial transformer	608	–	928	–	79.63	74.14	58.53	58.41	91.87	76.65	73.21
	608	3648	928	–	82.93	78.76	63.98	62.34	96.13	77.50	76.94
	928	–	928	5568	83.12	78.97	65.15	62.95	96.20	74.43	76.80
	928	3648	928	5568	88.51	84.24	72.64	69.14	92.38	86.29	82.20
	Average				83.55	79.03	65.08	63.21	94.15	78.72	77.29

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