Table 3 The main effect of seasonal changes, locations, and planting methods on studied traits of sorghum at the three cuts as well as the mean and total of the three cuts under normal irrigation and drought conditions.

From: Application of various agricultural practices on sorghum forage yield and its association with water use efficiency under deficit irrigation conditions

Factors

Normal conditions

   

Drought conditions

   
 

1st cut

2nd cut

3rd cut

Mean

1st cut

2nd cut

3rd cut

Mean

Plant height (cm)

        

Growing seasons

        

2023

164.08a

128.49a

124.62a

139.07a

152.54a

119.90a

112.11a

128.34a

2024

160.33b

129.96a

117.49b

136.08b

148.18b

111.36a

113.27a

124.97b

LSD 5%

3.60

NS

1.41

1.54

2.38

NS

NS

1.72

Locations

        

Ras El Hekma

155.52b

124.22a

119.02b

132.92b

144.20b

116.41a

108.42b

123.23b

Wadi El-Raml

168.89a

134.49a

123.09a

142.23a

156.52a

114.85a

116.96a

130.08a

LSD 5%

3.60

NS

1.41

1.54

2.38

NS

2.01

1.72

Planting methods

        

Hole farming

167.50a

137.43a

125.89a

143.61a

156.33a

123.33a

119.48a

133.76a

Row

164.34a

128.53a

121.66b

138.18b

149.00b

116.95a

112.43b

126.13b

Broad

154.78b

120.96b

115.62c

130.93c

145.75c

106.50a

106.17c

120.08c

LSD 5%

4.41

15.84

1.73

1.89

2.91

NS

2.47

2.11

 

No. of Tillers\m2

       

Growing seasons

        

2023

52.56a

53.06a

39.09a

48.24a

46.72a

49.11a

33.78a

43.20a

2024

49.11b

48.50b

36.13b

44.58b

43.72b

44.67b

30.97b

39.79b

LSD 5%

3.07

2.13

1.94

1.28

2.42

2.16

0.89

1.27

Locations

        

Ras El Hekma

52.11a

45.72b

36.06b

44.63b

47.39a

40.44b

30.72b

39.52b

Wadi El-Raml

49.56b

55.83a

39.17a

48.19a

43.06b

53.33a

34.03a

43.47a

LSD 5%

NS

2.13

1.94

1.28

2.42

2.16

0.89

1.27

Planting methods

        

Hole farming

59.25a

59.33a

43.80a

54.13a

52.50a

54.92a

38.48a

48.63a

Row

50.50b

51.67b

37.31b

46.49b

45.67b

47.75b

32.73b

42.05b

Broad

42.75c

41.33c

31.73c

38.60c

37.50c

38.00c

25.92c

33.81c

LSD 5%

3.76

2.61

2.37

1.57

2.97

2.65

1.09

1.56

Factors

Normal conditions

Drought conditions

1st cut

2nd cut

3rd cut

Mean

Sum

1st cut

2nd cut

3rd cut

Mean

Sum

Fresh forage yield (t/fed)

Growing seasons

2023

16.57b

11.57a

6.82b

11.66b

34.97b

15.20b

10.43a

4.97b

10.20b

30.60b

2024

17.63a

9.98b

9.69a

12.43a

37.30a

16.33a

7.89b

8.65a

10.96a

32.88a

LSD 5%

0.87

0.41

0.45

0.30

0.91

1.01

0.54

0.48

0.44

1.33

Locations

          

Ras El Hekma

16.13b

11.57a

6.62b

11.44b

34.32b

14.74b

10.12a

4.77b

9.88b

29.64b

Wadi El-Raml

18.08a

9.98b

9.90a

12.65a

37.96a

16.79a

8.20b

8.85a

11.28a

33.84a

LSD 5%

0.87

0.41

0.45

0.30

0.91

1.01

0.54

0.48

0.44

1.33

Planting methods

          

Hole farming

19.43a

13.25a

9.28a

13.98a

41.95a

16.35a

10.42a

7.50a

11.42a

34.27a

Row

16.34b

11.02b

8.22b

11.86b

35.57b

15.63a

9.48b

6.73b

10.61b

31.84b

Broad

15.54b

8.07c

7.27c

10.29c

30.88c

15.32a

7.58c

6.21c

9.70c

29.11c

LSD 5%

1.07

0.50

0.55

0.37

1.11

NS

0.66

0.58

0.54

1.63

Dry forage yield (t/fed)

Growing seasons

2023

7.72b

5.38a

1.81b

4.97b

14.91b

6.32b

4.06a

1.23b

3.86b

11.38b

2024

8.19a

3.75b

3.74a

5.23a

15.68a

6.96a

2.70b

2.97a

4.21a

12.63a

LSD 5%

0.44

0.16

0.13

0.16

0.49

0.31

0.45

0.17

0.13

0.53

Locations

          

Ras El Hekma

7.55b

5.23a

1.81b

4.86b

14.59b

6.13b

3.92a

1.20b

3.74b

11.04b

Wadi El-Raml

8.36a

3.90b

3.74a

5.33a

16.00a

7.15a

2.82b

3.00a

4.32a

12.97a

LSD 5%

0.44

0.16

0.13

0.16

0.49

0.31

0.45

0.17

0.13

0.53

Planting methods

          

Hole farming

9.69a

5.57a

3.25a

6.17a

18.50a

7.11a

3.65a

2.49a

4.42a

13.25a

Row

7.44b

4.29b

2.64b

4.79b

14.37b

6.68b

3.34ab

2.13b

4.05b

12.15b

Broad

6.74c

3.85c

2.43c

4.34c

13.01c

6.12c

3.06b

1.68c

3.63c

10.61c

LSD 5%

0.54

0.19

0.16

0.20

0.60

0.38

0.56

0.21

0.16

0.65

Fresh water use efficiency (kg/m3)

Growing seasons

2023

7.53b

5.26a

3.10b

5.30b

15.89b

7.60b

5.21a

2.49b

5.10b

15.30b

2024

8.01a

4.54b

4.41a

5.65a

16.96a

8.17a

3.95b

4.33a

5.48a

16.44a

LSD 5%

0.40

0.19

0.20

0.14

0.41

0.50

0.27

0.24

0.22

0.67

Locations

Ras El Hekma

7.33b

5.26a

3.01b

5.20b

15.60b

7.37b

5.06a

2.39b

4.94b

14.82b

Wadi El-Raml

8.22a

4.54b

4.50a

5.75a

17.25a

8.39a

4.10b

4.43a

5.64a

16.92a

LSD 5%

0.40

0.19

0.20

0.14

0.41

0.50

0.27

0.24

0.22

0.67

Planting methods

Hole farming

8.83a

6.02a

4.22a

6.36a

19.07

8.18a

5.21a

3.75a

5.71a

17.13a

Row

7.43b

5.01b

3.74b

5.39b

16.17

7.81a

4.74b

3.37b

5.31b

15.92b

Broad

7.06b

3.67c

3.31c

4.68c

14.04

7.66a

3.79c

3.10c

4.85c

14.55c

LSD 5%

0.49

0.23

0.25

0.17

0.51

NS

0.33

0.29

0.27

0.82

Dry water use efficiency (kg/m3)

Growing seasons

2023

3.51b

2.45a

0.82b

2.26b

6.78b

3.16b

2.01a

0.62b

1.93b

5.79b

2024

3.72a

1.70b

1.70a

2.38a

7.13a

3.48a

1.35b

1.48a

2.10a

6.31a

LSD 5%

0.20

0.07

0.06

0.07

0.22

0.15

0.10

0.09

0.06

0.19

Locations

Ras El Hekma

3.43b

2.38a

0.82b

2.21b

6.63b

3.07b

1.95a

0.60b

1.87b

5.62b

Wadi El-Raml

3.80a

1.77b

1.70a

2.42a

7.27a

3.57a

1.41b

1.50a

2.16a

6.49a

LSD 5%

0.20

0.07

0.06

0.07

0.22

0.15

0.10

0.09

0.06

0.19

Planting methods

Hole farming

4.40a

2.53a

1.48a

2.80a

8.41a

3.56a

1.82a

1.25a

2.21a

6.63a

Row

3.38b

1.95b

1.20b

2.18b

6.53b

3.34b

1.67b

1.07b

2.03b

6.08b

Broad

3.06c

1.75c

1.10c

1.97c

5.91c

3.06c

1.55c

0.84c

1.82c

5.45c

LSD 5%

0.25

0.09

0.07

0.09

0.27

0.19

0.12

0.11

0.08

0.24

  1. Means sharing different letters in the same column indicate statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences according to the LSD test.
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