Table 1 Summary of representative studies on metakaolin- and fly ash–based geopolymer systems, including one-part solid activators, hybrid binders, and performance modifiers.
From: Preparation and characterization of self-cured geopolymer binder using metakaolin precursor
Duxson et al., 200733 | Metakaolin | NaOH + Sodium silicate (liquid) | Heat cured (60 °C) | 0 | High early strength; amorphous geopolymer gel | Classic two-part geopolymer system |
Provis & van Deventer, 200934 | Fly ash | NaOH + Sodium silicate (liquid) | Ambient | 0 | High durability and good long-term strength | Fundamental study on geopolymer chemistry |
Luukkonen et al., 201835 | Fly ash/slag | Anhydrous Na₂SiO₃ (solid) | Ambient | 0 | Comparable strength to liquid systems; easier handling | One-part geopolymer focus |
Barboza-Chavez et al., 202036 | Fly ash + metakaolin + OPC clinker | NaOH + Sodium silicate | Room temp. | <30 | Comparable to OPC; dense hydration matrix | Hybrid geopolymer–cement system |
Bernal et al., 202137 | Fly ash + OPC | NaOH + Sodium silicate | Heat cured | 20–40 | Improved early strength; hybrid C–A–S–H + N–A–S–H gels | Hybrid geopolymer binder |
Panda et al., 202038 | Metakaolin | Solid sodium silicate | Self-cured | 0 | Reduced water demand; moderate strength | Self-curing one-part geopolymer |
Zhang et al., 202239 | Metakaolin | Alkali fusion method | Ambient | 0 | Enhanced reactivity; dense matrix | Alternative activation route |
Barbosa et al., 202040 | Fly ash + OPC | NaOH + Sodium silicate | Ambient | 10 | Achieved 31 MPa at 28 days; no heat required | Hybrid cement for structural blocks |
Al-Majidi et al., 201641 | Fly ash + OPC | NaOH + Sodium silicate | Self-cured | 20 | Achieved self-curing via internal heat and calcium | Early self-cured hybrid system |
Luukkonen et al., 202042 | Metakaolin | Solid activator (Na₂SiO₃ + NaOH powder) | Ambient | 0 | Satisfactory strength and setting; user-friendly | Advancement in one-part design |
Nath & Sarker, 201543 | Fly ash + GGBS | NaOH + Sodium silicate | Ambient | 0 | Enhanced early strength due to GGBS | Synergistic precursor combination |
Tchakouté et al., 201644 | Metakaolin + OPC | NaOH + Sodium silicate | Ambient | 10–30 | Hybrid gel with increased strength | C–A–S–H and N–A–S–H coexistence |
Aliabdo et al., 201945 | Metakaolin | NaOH + Sodium silicate | Ambient | 0 | High compressive strength and chemical resistance | Egyptian metakaolin study |
Davidovits, 201546 | Various aluminosilicates | Alkaline activation | Various | 0 | Defined geopolymerization chemistry | Foundational reference |
Current Study (2025) | Metakaolin + OPC | NaOH + Sodium silicate | Self-cured (ambient) | 0–50 | Target: self-curing + mechanical performance | Novel one-part self-cured hybrid system |
