Fig. 2

Comprehensive proteomic analysis of EVs and CDVs. (a) Venn diagram illustrating the overlap and unique protein distributions between EVs and CDVs, with 1,228 shared proteins and 114 unique to CDVs out of 1,342 identified. (b) PCA showing distinct clustering between EVs and CDVs; PC1 accounts for 70.33% of total variance. (c) Volcano plot of DEPs between EVs and CDVs (|log₂FC| > 1.54, p < 0.05). Red and blue dots represent proteins significantly upregulated (n = 70) and downregulated (n = 81) in EVs, respectively.