Fig. 2

Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities in four plant species under drought and recovery conditions. (A) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O₂) content, (B) malondialdehyde (MDA) content, (C) catalase (CAT) activity, (D) superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and (E) peroxidase (POX) activity in leaves of Triticum aestivum, Helianthus annuus, Chenopodium album, and Alternanthera brasiliana. Bars represent means (± SD, n = 3). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences between means (P < 0.05) according to Tukey’s post hoc test following two-way ANOVA.