Fig. 6

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of physiological, biochemical, and anatomical traits in four plant species under drought and recovery. The biplot displays individual observations grouped by Plant Species (color and shape) and Treatment (ellipses), based on the first two principal components. These components explain 35.3% (PC1) and 23.8% (PC2) of the total variance, respectively. Vectors (arrows) representing the variable loadings are included, illustrating the contribution of each measured physiological, biochemical, and anatomical trait to the overall variance structure. The biplot visually links sample clusters to their underlying adaptive drivers, illustrating treatment effects and species-specific differences in multivariate trait patterns related to drought and recovery responses.