Fig. 5

Moderating effects of the countries’ gross domestic product per capita on gender differences in the five outcome measures. Plotted are the meta-analytic point estimates of the gender difference (0 “male”, 1 “female”) in (a) political preferences, (b) trusting behavior, (c) life satisfaction, (d) happiness, and (e) health status over the countries’ gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (based on purchasing power parity), expressed in terms of 100,000$. The marker size is based on the inverse of the estimate’s variance. The solid line and shaded area depict the linear fit and its 95% CI, respectively, based on random-effects meta-regressions of the k = 38 countries included in the analysis sample (using the restricted maximum likelihood estimator for τ). Estimates of the linear fits’ slopes (b) and associated p-values are reported in the bottom-right corners (see Supplementary Table 3 for details). Note that, following our pre-registration, Kosovo (XK) is not included in the analysis.