Fig. 5

Allometric Scaling of Patellar Shape (PC1) with Centroid Size Across Ruminant Species. The left panel shows the overall regression of PC1 shape scores against log-transformed centroid size for all ruminant specimens (dashed line). The right panel depicts species-specific regression lines, illustrating differences in allometric trends among Bison bonasus, Bos taurus, Capra hircus, Capreolus capreolus, and Ovis aries.