Table 3 Path coefficient table.

From: The impact of DeepSeek’s perceived interactivity on medical students’ self-directed learning ability

Path

Non-standardized path

Standardized path

S.E

C.R

p

Conclusion

PE

 < –-

TEC

0.764

0.818

0.034

22.410

***

Support

PE

 < –-

PI

0.158

0.180

0.024

6.694

***

Support

TTF

 < –-

TAC

0.068

0.082

0.014

4.841

***

Support

TTF

 < –-

TEC

0.979

0.971

0.034

28.782

***

Support

SI

 < –-

TEC

0.958

0.957

0.038

25.407

***

Support

EE

 < –-

PI

0.322

0.428

0.025

12.825

***

Support

EE

 < –-

TEC

0.293

0.367

0.045

6.467

***

Support

EE

 < –-

PE

0.333

0.390

0.051

6.560

***

Support

BI

 < –-

TTF

 − 0.004

 − 0.004

0.076

 − 0.047

0.042

Support

BI

 < –-

EE

0.122

0.104

0.063

1.936

**

Support

SE

 < –-

SI

1.034

0.974

0.039

26.768

***

Support

BI

 < –-

PE

0.072

 − 0.071

0.048

1.500

0.034

Support

BI

 < –-

PI

0.041

0.046

0.028

1.481

0.039

Support

BI

 < –-

SI

0.871

0.925

0.083

10.511

***

Support

SDLA

 < –-

SE

0.518

0.575

0.161

3.213

0.001

Support

SDLA

 < –-

SI

 − 0.434

 − 0.453

0.203

 − 2.136

0.033

Support

SDLA

 < –-

BI

0.879

0.865

0.102

8.590

***

Support

  1. ***p < 0.001.