Table 1 Effect of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) biosynthesized by N. oculata algal extract against the changes induced by lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic markers of the antioxidant system in both kidney and brain tissues of rats.

8.87 ± 0.01

8.85 ± 0.02

8.84 ± 0.03

4.41 ± 0.01^a

6.21 ± 0.01^ab

8.90 ± 0.02^b

147.64 ± 0.06

145.94 ± 0.06

144.86 ± 0.05

73.82 ± 0.03^a

98.43 ± 0.04^ab

146.24 ± 0.06^b

46.58 ± 0.01

45.87 ± 0.02

44.72 ± 0.02

23.29 ± 0.01^a

31.75 ± 0.02^ab

45.87 ± 0.02^b

79.59 ± 0.02

80.05 ± 0.02

78.94 ± 0.02

39.94 ± 0.02^a

55.26 ± 0.02^ab

80.21 ± 0.03^b

62.54 ± 0.02

63.57 ± 0.02

62.47 ± 0.03

31.27 ± 0.02^a

45.70 ± 0.02^ab

61.89 ± 0.02^b

8.63 ± 0.01

8.55 ± 0.02

8.92 ± 0.01

4.31 ± 0.01^a

6.17 ± 0.01^ab

8.76 ± 0.01^b

133.17 ± 0.06

131.86 ± 0.06

132.40 ± 0.07

71.29 ± 0.03^a

96.72 ± 0.05^ab

134.15 ± 0.06^b

37.30 ± 0.01

35.39 ± 0.02

37.14 ± 0.02

18.65 ± 0.01^a

24.20 ± 0.01^ab

35.48 ± 0.02^b

67.61 ± 0.02

66.84 ± 0.02

65.89 ± 0.02

31.84 ± 0.01^a

48.79 ± 0.02^ab

68.08 ± 0.03^b

55.82 ± 0.02

57.94 ± 0.02

56.15 ± 0.02

27.41 ± 0.01^a

40.57 ± 0.01^ab

55.07 ± 0.02^b