Table 4 Functional and structural genes associated with CRC and IBD.

From: Unraveling gene interaction networks in colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease via a novel hybrid radial basis function network

Gene

Role/function

Relevance to CRC/IBD

APC

Tumor suppressor gene

Central hub in network, linked to CRC

SMAD4

Signal transduction

Key regulator in TGF-beta pathway

MSH2

DNA mismatch repair

Critical in genome stability

MLH1

DNA repair

Involved in mismatch repair cluster

MSH6

DNA repair

Associated with repair pathway integrity

NLRP3–PYCARD

Inflammasome complex

Connects chronic inflammation to carcinogenesis

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