Table 2 Bulging characteristics of riverbed gravel (C.W) stone columns in different types of soil.
Parameter | Sandy soil | Silty soil | Layered soil | Clayey soil |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial (0 mm) | Bulging = 2.51%, L/D = 0.00 | Bulging = 6.55%, L/D = 0.00 | Bulging = 12.88%, L/D = 0.00 | Bulging = 9.26%, L/D = 0.00 |
Peak deformation | 7.23% at L/D = 0.53 | 9.99% at L/D = 0.50 | 20.08% at L/D = 0.51 | 15.37% at L/D = 0.55 |
Mid-depth | Bulging = 4.13%, L/D = 0.94 | Bulging = 5.49%, L/D = 0.98 | Bulging = 10.79%, L/D = 1.04 | Bulging = 8.88%, L/D = 1.18 |
Lower third | Bulging = 0.44%, L/D = 1.23 | Bulging = 0.39%, L/D = 1.37 | Bulging = 2.14%, L/D = 1.68 | Bulging = 2.14%, L/D = 1.68 |
Base (L/D > 2) | Bulging < 0.10%, stable | Bulging ≈ 0.13%, stable | Bulging ≈ 0.03%, stable | Bulging ≈ 0.00%, stable |
