Table 3 Transient response specifications of case study #1.

From: An adaptive model predictive control approach for robust load frequency control under renewable energy disturbances

Variables

AMPC

PI Controller

Overshoot

≈ 0

0

Undershoot

−1 × 10⁻³

–4.5 × 10⁻³

Settling Time

≈ 0.5–1 s

30 s

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