Table 7 Transient response specifications of case study #1.

From: An adaptive model predictive control approach for robust load frequency control under renewable energy disturbances

Variables

Area-1

Area-2

AMPC

PID

AMPC

PID

Overshoot

0.4 × 10⁻³

0

0.8 × 10⁻⁴

0

Undershoot

−0.3 × 10⁻³

−4.8 × 10⁻³

−1.2 × 10⁻⁴

−11.2 × 10⁻⁴

Settling Time

≈ 1 s

≈ 23 s

≈ 1 s

≈ 38 s

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