Fig. 1

Admiralty Bay winds and bathymetry, (a) westerly wind belt around Antarctica, the colormap shows the west wind component of long-term mean winds from 1991 to 202018, (b) bathymetric map of Admiralty Bay7; thick light blue lines indicate glacial/water boundaries19 and starting points of GMW particle tracking; purple circle–starting area of BW particle tracking; green circle–starting area of OB particle tracking; pink dashed line–boundary of inner model domain; yellow field–known feeding hotspot; background–Sentinel imagery 29.12.2021, (c) wind rose for Admiralty Bay from 15.12.2018 to 1.03.202320.