Table 3 Comparison of enhanced EAADE with a lattice-based baseline under PQC setting.

From: Enhanced EAADE: a quantum-resilient and privacy-preserving authentication protocol for secure data exchange in vehicular social networks

Protocol

Crypto basis

Quantum-resilience

Auth. delay (ms)

PPAS25

ECC + pairings

Broken by Shor

42

VCC26

PUF + pairings

Broken by Shor

38

EAADE35

ECC + FL

Broken by Shor

34

Al-Mekhlafi et al.40

Lattice (LWE)

Secure

31

Enhanced EAADE

Ring-LWE + PQ hash

Secure

28

  1. Significant values are in bold.
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