Table 9 Communication cost and cryptographic components used in authentication protocols.

SUAA²³

\(3S_{hash} + S_{uname} + 8S_{ts} + 18S_{sk}\)

4948

RFID²⁴

\(8S_{hash} + 3S_{uname} + 5S_{ts} + 5S_{ecc} + 2S_{pseudo}\)

1675

PPAS²⁵

\(8S_{hash} + S_{uname} + 12S_{sk} + 2S_{ecc} + 3S_{pseudo}\)

3882

VCC²⁶

\(4S_{hash} + 4S_{uname} + 2S_{ts} + 2S_{ecc} + 4S_{pseudo}\)

1550

EAADE³⁵

\(9S_{hash} + 2S_{uname} + 5S_{ts} + 4S_{ecc} + S_{var}\)

1259

Al-Mekhlafi et al.⁴⁰

\(6S_{hash} + 2S_{pseudo} + 2S_{lat\_pk} + S_{lat\_sign}\)

1125

Enhanced EAADE

\(7S_{hash} + 2S_{pseudo} + 2S_{ts} + 2S_{lat\_pk} + S_{agg}\)

980