Fig. 1 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 1

From: Studying carbon emission effects on ecological welfare performance in Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration using super efficiency network SBM

Fig. 1

Technology roadmap. This figure presents the overall analytical framework of the research, covering three core modules: indicator selection, analytical models, and result analysis. In the indicator selection module, ecological input (water, land, energy consumption), intermediate variable (GDP), undesirable output (pollution), and welfare output (green environment, medical and health care, education level) are included to construct the EWP evaluation system. The analytical model’s module adopts the Super-NSBM model (implemented in MaxDEA) to calculate EWP, and uses kernel density estimation, panel Tobit model, and Spatial Durbin Model for temporal evolution, spatial distribution, and spillover effect analysis. The result analysis module focuses on EWP’s time variation, spatial pattern, and association with carbon emissions, providing a systematic technical path for the study.

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