Fig. 17
Dynamic responses of the two-area system of Case Study No.3: a ∆f₁, b ∆f₂, c ΔPtie, d Vout1, e Vout2. The curves correspond to: PID–PSO (Purple), PID–GTO (Olive Green), PID–MPA (Light Brown), PIDD²–PSO (Cyan), PIDD²–GTO (Magenta), PIDD²–MPA (Yellow), (FPIDD²+PIDD²)–PSO (Light Green), (FPIDD²+PIDD²)–GTO (Red), and (FPIDD²+PIDD²)–MPA (Blue). The conventional PID controller responses were omitted from the zoomed-in view to improve clarity, as they exhibit sever oscillations.
